Types of Telecommunication Optical Splitters

Optical splitters are passive devices that divide a single optical signal into multiple outputs, with models including FBT and PLC types, supporting split ratios from 1x2 up to 1x128 for FTTH and PON networks. Types of Optical Splitters1. Fused Biconical Taper (FBT) SplittersLow-cost, ideal for small split ratios such as 1: 2 or 1: 4.

Suitable for short-distance or low-density networks. Typically used in central office or small-scale deployments. 2.

Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) SplittersHigh uniformity and reliability, preferred for large split ratios like 1: 32, 1: 64, or even 1: 128. Compact and scalable, suitable for high-density FTTH networks. Available in bare fiber or connectorized formats, with low insertion loss (≤3.

8 dB) and low polarization-dependent loss (≤0. 2 dB) across 1260–1650 nm wavelength range.

Split Ratios

Common split ratios include 1x2, 1x4, 1x8, 1x16, 1x32, 1x64, and some odd ratios like 1x3 or 1x5. Cascaded splitting can combine multiple splitters to achieve higher ratios, e.g., a 1x4 and 1x8 splitter to form a 1x32 final split.

GPO

N and XGS-PON networks typically use 1x32 or 1x64 splits, with standards allowing up to 128 splits per OLT port. Deployment Architectures1.

Centralized Splitting

Splitters are located at a central office or cabinet. Customer-to-splitter assignments can be reconfigured using fiber jumpers. Reduces fiber count on the feeder side and simplifies network management.

2.

Distributed Splitting

Splitters are placed in closures or pedestals in the outside plant. Addresses are fixed and not reconfigurable via jumpers. Often used in cascaded configurations to reach target split ratios.

Specifications and Features

Operating Temperature: Typically -40°C to 85°C. Insertion Loss: Low, depending on split ratio and type (PLC splitters ≤3. 8 dB).

Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL): Low, usually ≤0. 2 dB. Packaging: Compact housings for splice trays, wall-mounted boxes, or optical distribution boxes.

Standards Compliance: Telcordia GR-1209-CORE and GR-1221-CORE, ITU-T G. 984 for GPON.

Models and Applications

Bare Fiber Splitters: Flexible for integration into custom network designs. Connectorized Splitters: Pre-terminated for quick deployment in central office or outside plant. Splitter Modules: Part of value-added module (VAM) systems for scalable optical transport networks.

Applications include FTTX systems, LAN/WAN/Metro networks, CATV, and telecommunications networks. Optical splitters are essential for cost-efficient, scalable, and passive PON networks, enabling a single OLT port to serve multiple subscribers while minimizing fiber infrastructure and operational costs.